Dr. Fathi Saleh
Professor at the faculty of Engineering – Cairo university
Director of the Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage

Dr. Hala Barakat
Lecturer at the faculty of science- Cairo university
Assistant Director of the Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage

In this paper, we examine the duration of each phase in the evolutionary journey and its implications. This exercise serves both for understanding the reasons behind the accelerating tempo of evolution and its change through time, as well as its implications for the co-existence of human beings with other physical and biological elements of the world .

In general, the emergence of life on earth marks a shift to a biological time scale superimposed on the cosmic scale. The emergence of civilization, marking a key transition in how life forms interact with nature, also signals a shift to yet another time scale. Current estimates of the timing of key events indicates that the evolutionary change is logarithmic marked by progressive acceleration in the tempo of change .

In the paper we further propose a timeline using a logarithmic scale rather than the standard linear scale of time. Since the scale changes with time, this solves the problem of different scales for different aspects of history and allows the presentation of the whole evolutionary track on a single chart .

Dr. Gamal M.AbdAl-kader
Mathematics Department, Faculty of science, Al-Azhar University

The properties of the Displayed Fock States (DFS's) superpostitions are reviewed. The interaction of these states with a two-level atom in cavity with the presence of additional Kerr medium is studied. Exact general matrix elements of the time-dependant operators of a Jaynes-Cummings Model, in the presence of a Kerr medium, with these states are derived. The atomic inversion and photon number distribution are discussed. The quantum entropy and the entanglement of the atom-field are investigated. The exact results are employed to perform a careful investigation of the temporal evolution of the entropy. The connection between the field entropy and the collapse and revivals of the atomic inversion has been established. The general conclusions reached are illustrated by numerical results.

Roger Ellman
The-Origin Foundation, Santa Rosa, USA.

The mass equivalency m•c² = h•f applies to gravitational mass just as to inertial mass. From that, the gravitational mass has a corresponding, associated, equivalent frequency, f. Using that frequency a new result is obtained in which the significance of the Planck Length, lPl, is clarified. The Planck Length is fundamental to gravitation and in effect supercedes G in that role because it is found that there is operational or mechanical significance to the role of the Planck Length in gravitation whereas G is simply a constant of proportionality .

It further is shown that the Planck Length [and, likely the Planck mass and the Planck time] are slightly miss-defined by the use of h-bar, [h/2], rather than simply Planck's constant, h .

Theoretical implications of these results are presented. In addition, the applicability of using the frequency aspect of mass in the analysis of gravitation, and the nature of the results obtained, would appear to imply a considerably greater significance for the frequency aspect of mass, matter, and particles in general than has been heretofore recognized .

Dr. Said E.Elkhamy
Currently on a leave as a Consultant to the Arab Academy for science and Technology
Hellioplis,
Cairo , Egypt

Mahmoud M. Gad
Student M. IEEE

Recently, chaos theory received and increased attention in the scientific research labs. Many applications were proposed based on it and an increased effort is done now to link between the chaos theory and the quantum mechanics theory. In this paper we present a state-of-art applications based on chaos theory in the field of multimedia wireless communication systems, which includes 4G mobile communications, advanced wireless LANs and Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) communication systems.

The applications of chaos theory are seemingly infinite. In the past, chaos has been largely ignored and avoided. The lack of attention given to chaotic systems in many ways can be traced to the lack of a useful tool with which to study chaotic systems. There are many systems naturally occurring and cannot be classified using the non-dynamic, linear methods of the past. These systems can exhibit wonderfully complex behavior. This behavior can appear at first glance to be completely random, but with a closer look, order is found.

Chaotic systems have the ability of to produce complex, broadband signals, which possess features associated with both stochastic and deterministic behaviors. Many Chaotic communication schemes proposed so far include: System parameter modulation (Amplitude, frequency,…etc), Spread spectrum PN carriers, multiple access techniques, and Encryption.

The influence of a final-state interaction (FSI) effects on polarization observables of the differential cross section in the inclusive pion photoproduction reaction from the deuteron, d ( γ,π ) NN , involving polarization of the photon beam and/or the deuteron target, has been investigated over the whole Δ (1232)-resonance region adopting a nonrelativistic model based on time-ordered perturbation theory. The elementary reaction mechanism on the free nucleon is described within an effective Lagrangian model with inclusion of Born terms and Δ (1232)-resonance contribution. The half-of-shell scattering matrices are obtained from separable representation of realistic interactions. Various single- and double-polarization asymmetries of the differential cross section are studied with respect to the influence of such interaction effects and numerical predictions are given for forthcoming experiments. Final-state rescattering is found to be quite important for the linear photon asymmetry _, the tensor target asymmetries T ₂₀ , T ₂₁ and T ₂₂ and the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry Tl ₂₀ , whereas it is much less important for the vector target asymmetry T ₁₁ and the other beam-target double-polarization asymmetries.

Dr. Gamal G. L Nashed
Mathematical Department
Faculty of science
Ain shams university
Cairo
Egypt

An exact solutions of the gravitational field in the tetrad theory of gravitation are derived. The solutions are characterized by three parameters M, Q and a and they give the Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr space-time respectively. The parallel vector fields of Kerr space-time are axially symmetric. We then, calculate the total energy associated with the Kerr black hole using the superpotential given by Muller in the framework of the Weitzenbock space-time. The components of the momentum density in Kerr black hole are found to be vanishing identically.

Dr. Saad K.Nasr
Mathematical Department
Faculty of science
Alexandria University
Alexandria , Egypt

The Einstein cosmological constant is in fact not cosmological, and a value of it is given in terms of the curvature tensor. The curvature tensor is given in a direct form in terms of the field strength tensor, which may give a form of the equations of the field. A certain form of the field strength tensor is also introduced.

Dr. S. B. Doma
Mathematical Department
FACULTY OF Science
Alexandria University
Alexandria , Egypt

Dr. M. M. Amin
Mathematical Department
Faculty of Education at El-Arish
Sues-Canal university
Egypt

The rotational states of the deformed even-even nuclei, which have axes of symmetry, are investigated. A new simple formula, which determine the energy of the rotational state of a deformed even-even nucleus in terms of its total angular momentum I and its reciprocal moment of inertia, is given. The new formula is fitted for the even-even isotopes of Hf, W, U and Pu nuclei. Comparison between the obtained results with other known results, which use other formulas, is given.

Dr. Ahmed Younes
Department of Mathematical
Faculty of Science
University of Alexandria
Egypt

Jon Rowe
School of Computer Science
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston , B15 2TT
United Kingdom

In this paper, we will define a quantum operator that performs the inversion about the mean only on a subspace of the system (Partial Diffusion Operator). This operator is used in a quantum search algorithm that runs in O(sqrt(N/M)) for searching an unstructured list of size N with M matches such that 1<= M <= N. We will show that the performance of the algorithm is more reliable than known (fixed operators quantum search algorithms) especially for multiple matches where we can get a solution after a single iteration with probability over 90% if the number of matches is approximately more than one-third of the search space. We will show that the algorithm will be able to handle the case where the number of matches M is unknown in advance such that 1<= M <= N in O(sqrt(N/M)). A performance comparison with Grover's algorithm will be provided.

Lubomir Simeonov
Solar terrestrial influences laboratory
Bulgarian Academy of science
Sofia , Bulgaria

Goerge Mnagadze
Space Research Institute
Russian Academy of Science
Moscow , Russia

Biana Simeonova
Institute of Electronics
Bulgarian Academy of Science
Sofia , Bulgaria

Discussed are aspects of a technological transfer for the purposes of a number of environmental studies on Earth of instrumental and measuring methodology principles, developed initially for space research application. Presented are moments of creation of a miniature laser time-of-flight mass analyzer, a linear reflectron type, built as an analog of the LIMA-D (Laser Mass Analyzer – Distant) device on the PHOBOS space mission, while the size and mass of the earth-based prototype are by an order of magnitude lower than those of the space research version. The new instrument introduces and develops further several features, which magnify its performance, such as: linear configuration and axial symmetry of the analyzer with coaxial and orthogonal to target surface laser beam impact, free-flight regime of ions without preacceleration, microchannel detector with central hole for the laser beam and the ejected and back-scattered target ions, multi-stage reflector with non-linear field, etc. The analytical characteristics of the instrument were checked in experiments with laser targets of different materials, alloys, sediments and other samples and were confirmed by the analysis of special standards with certified elemental and isotopic abundances and targets with preliminary unknown chemical composition. A special feature of the analytical performance and in concern to environmental applications is the capability of the device to perform analysis of samples with unknown composition and without any chemical and physical pre-preparation of the samples, while maintaining very good quantification and high accuracy of measurement. Presented are results and mass-spectra material of the analysis of different environmental samples of soil, water and plant origin. Presented is also a new method for express preparation of hard laser targets by temperature-controlled sedimentation of water samples, the application of which allows an express in-field, or in-situ, analysis of objects, contaminated in eco-catastrophes, by anthropogenic or as a result of a criminal or terrorist action. Presented is a method for express environmental screening and ecological mapping of heavy metal contamination of small and medium-sized soil parcels, especially developed for the miniature laser mass analyzer.

Ali Riza Akcay
Retired Scientist

This paper describes a new, realistic and scientific view of the origin of the Universe. As known, the origin of the Universe has been described (explained) in several books (popular books) and papers by A. Einstein, S.W. Hawking (A Brief History of Time From thr Big Bang to Black Holes), S. Weinberg (The first 3 minutes) and Others. The common view of these descriptions is the Big Bang Theory (BBT). The BBT including inflation theory are not realistic since, they cannot scientifically describe the origin of the Universe and the beginning of time. This paper describes a new realistic theory: The Big Conversion Theory (BCT) that can scientifically describes the origin of the Universe and the beginning of time. The BCT may be highlighted as follows :

State 1. There were Timeless (time-independent) Universe (TLU) consisting Timeless Photons (TLPs) before the beginning of time. Please note that TLP = Time-Dependent Photon (TDP) + High Energy. A part of the TLU has been converted to the Time-Dependent Universe (TDU) consisting TDPs and very high density energy by means of the Big Conversion (BC). The time has began just after the BC .

State 2. There were three parts of the Universe in this state: Timeless Part of the Universe (TLPU) consisting TLPs, Common Part of the Universe (CPU) consisting both TLPs and TDPs and Time-Dependent Part of the Universe (TDPU) consisting TDPs and high density energy. TDPU may be titled as our Universe or our part of the Universe. In this case the origin of our Universe (or our part of the Universe) is TLU. Please note that TLPU can observe TDPU but, TDPU cannot observe TLPU. This means that we cannot observe TLPU. As explained in detail in the following states; we therefore cannot observe the outputs of the black holes since the output of the black hole are contained by the TLPU .

State 3: The very high density energy in the TDPU has been converted to the particles that have mass (electrons, protons, neutrons,....) in this state. Thus, the matters have been occurred and life has began in this state .

State 4: The Black Holes have been occurred in the Common Part of the Universe (CPU) to provide the conversion TDPU (our part of the Universe) to TLPU. This conversion is being continued. This means that the conversion from TDPU to TLPU are provided through Black Holes. The inputs of the Black Holes are contained by the TDPU (Time-Dependent Part of the Universe or our part of the Universe). The outputs of the Black Holes are contained by the TLPU (Timeless Part of the Universe). Thus, we can observe the inputs of the Black Holes and we cannot observe the outputs of the Black Holes. The inputs of the Black Holes are TDPs (Time-Dependent Photons) and the matters that have mass, and the outputs of the Black Holes are only the TLPs (Timeless Photons). The mass of the matters are converted to the energy inside Black Holes. Then, the conversion TDPs + High Energy => TLPs is also provided inside Black Holes. Finally, the TLPs that occurred inside Black Holes are transferred to TLPU through outputs of Black Holes. This conversion will continue up to the end of TDPU (our part of the Universe). The completion of this conversion will be end of our Universe, life and time. Important Not: The existing theories (e.g. relativity theory and quantum theory) are only applicable for TDPU and are not applicable for TLPU. This means that the existing theories are applicable for inputs of the Black Holes and are not applicable for outputs of the Black Holes .

State 5: This State is same as State 1. There is only TLU (Timeless Universe) in this state. This means that we came from TLU and we will go to TLU .

Ali Riza Akcay
Retired Scientist

This paper describes that the superconducting cosmic strings can be connected to an electrically charged black hole, and can be considered as the hair of black hole. What the no-hair theorems show is that a large amount of information is lost when a body collapses to form a black hole. In addition, the no-hair theorem has not been proved for the Yang-Mills field. This paper proves and claims that the superconducting cosmic strings can be connected to an electrically charged hole when the current inside these strings and black holes approaches the critical value (J --> Jc). Because, this state is the final state of the gravitational collapse, and the event horizon would be destroyed in this state. Therefore, these strings should be considered as hair of the charged black holes, and may be titled as BHCS (Black Hole Connected Strings). This means that at least the charged black holes have the hair. Thus, the no-hair theorem is not applicable for the charged black holes in the state of the critical current (J ~ Jc).

Dr. S. B. Doma
Mathematical Department
Faculty of Science
Alexandria University
Alexandria , Egypt

M. M. Amin
Mathematical Department
Faculty of Education at El-Arish
Sues-Canal university
Egypt

The concept of the single-particle Schrödinger fluid is adopted for the axially deformed nuclei in the high mass region in order to obtain the cranking-model, the rigid body-model and the equilibrium-model moments of inertia of these nuclei. Accordingly, the three moments of inertia are then calculated for the nuclei: 230U, 232U, 234U, 236U and 238U. Furthermore, the quadrupole moments of these five axially deformed nuclei are obtained as functions of their moments of inertia. Variations of the moments of inertia and the quadrupole moments of these nuclei in terms of the deformation parameters of these nuclei are also given. The obtained numerical results in the case of the cranking-model moments are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values, which showed that the these nuclei are deformed and have axes of symmetry.

Dr. Abdelmegid Mamoon
National Network of Radiation Physics
Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority

Photodynamic action in biological applications has three components :

Fourier transform spectromicroscopy of infrared light from a synchrotron is very useful in probing for the nature of the damage produced in affected cells. This is very important in determining the primary target, damage to which causes rapid cell death, in the successful treatment of tumors. The target can vary with the type of dye used, its concentration and the duration of exposure to the respective wave lengths of light used .

Experiments were carried out recently on human malignant melanoma cells in culture that were subjected to photodynamic action using the dye indocyanine green and laser emitting light at about 650nm. Differences were observed between control and treated cells with respect to the absorption peaks of important biomolecules indicating cellular damage.