Readings and Innovations

INNOVATIONS CREATING INTERNET and CONVERGENCE		Who Innovated?	Who Paid?
Fourier Analysis, Sampling Theory, FFT Wavelets	1642, 1970	Fourier, Nyquist Tukey,
Packet Protocol	1920 1962	Mumbai Dubba Wallah lunch delivery systems Paul Baran: RAND	. Air Forc
Memex; Networks; Symbiotic systems Augmenting Human Intelligence	1945 1960 1963	Vannevar Bush: MIT; [Pierre Otlet, 1933] JCR Licklider: MIT; Man-Computer Symbiosis March 1960; Douglas Engelbart: Stanford Research Institute	ARPA Office of Naval Research Army
Computer Aided Design: Bridges, Cars, Roads Printed Circuit Boards Chips Computer Graphics	1963	Student Ivan Sutherland, Ph.D Thesis: Sketchpad, MIT	Office of Naval Research
Trajectory of transistors	1965	Gordon Moore	Intel
Window User Interface, Mouse	1966	Douglas Englebart Stanford Research Institute
Internet Protocol	1968	Students Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker: [Stanford; UCLA] Bob Kahn, MIT-BBN;	DARPA
Free Space Optical	1969	Bell Labs	Bell Labs
Distributed Systems	1969	Dave Farber, George Coulouris, Leslie Lamport, Butler Lampson	DARPA ONR Army Reseach
Relational Data Base	1969	IBM: Codd, Date Students, Professors: UC Berkeley: Ingres
Simulation of Integrated Circuits	1971	Students: SPICE: UC Berkeley Larry Nagel, Ron Rohrer	DARPA NSF
Open Source Implementation: TCP/IP Networking Protocol Berkeley Unix	1976	Student: Bill Joy, UCBerkeley	DARPA
Public Key Encryption	1976	Student [Whitfield Diffie, Marty Hellman: Stanford, Berkeley]	NSF
Open Source Software: 4.1. bsd [Berkeley Software Distribution] UNIX	1978	BellLabs -> Students Bill Joy, Sam Leffler, Ozip Babaoglu UCBerkeley	DARPA
Ethernet Protocol	1978	~Students David Boggs, Robert Metcalfe: Xerox Parc	NSF Xerox DEC Intel
RISC Microprocessors	1980	IBM: John Cocke Students, Professors UC Berkeley: David Ditzel, David Patterson; Stanford: John Hennessey	IBM NSF ARPA
Single Board Computer	1980	~Students Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs: Apple II	Pocket, Venture
Virtual Reality products for general public	1983	~Students Jaron Lanier : VPL II	Pocket, Venture
MPEG [4, Java] protocol	1987	Student: Ph.D thesis
Web Browser: Protocol	1991	Tim Berners-Lee CERN: Geneva	CERN
Open Source Software: GNU/Linux	1992	Students: Richard Stallman, ~MIT Andrew Tannenbaum, Netherlands Linus Torvalds, Finland	Self
Web browser: Mosaic->Netscape	1993	Students Marc Andreesen: U Illinois	NSF
Erbium-doped linear optical amplifier	1993	Industrial lab: Bell Labs	Manchester Bell Labs Corning Labs
Java: Portable Programs	1994	7 people [Bill Joy, James Gosling, Guy Steele, ] Students: ETH Zurich, Frieje Universitaat	Sun Labs IBM Labs HP Labs
Web index: Yahoo	1994	Students Jerry Yang: Stanford	Self VC
IEEE 1394 protocols: Firewire	1996	Small group: Apple, Sony	Apple Labs
Molecular Electronics	1996	Yale, UPennsylvania, Harvard, Stanford, DARPA	ARPA NSF
XML: Portable Data Description	1996	6 people: Jon Bozak: Sun, Microsoft, Netscape, IBM..)	Sun Microsoft IBM
Arrival of cheap ubiquitous wireless Internet access	1996	DoCoMo i-mode	NTT
First use of Internet for mass grassroots organization	1996	NetDay 100, 000 parents, 4,000 schools, one day	Self
Biochips: DNA Array Shotgun sequencing	1997	Small group Craig Venter	TRW Perkin-Elmer
Google, others: search, proximity algorithms, pin-point advertising	1998	Students: Larry Page, Sergei Brin	Self Andy Bechtolsheim
Keyhole: dynamic interactive GIS and remote imagery	2000	Sun, SGI	Self
First sub-$300 Internet terminal:	2000	Sony PlayStation 2; Nintendo, Sega
Peer-to-Peer Sharing: Napster, Gnutella, Music without borders JXTA device-to-device distributed computing	2000	Students: Sean Manning Sun Identity, grouping, security: Li Gong	Self
Atomic manipulation: massive data storage	2000	IBM, Cornell, Yale
Project Liberty : Identity and Authentication protocols	2001	France Telecom, Nokia, Sony, Master Card, Visa, Amex, Citicorp, GE, GM, United Airlines
TeraGrid Terabit network	2002	California Institute of Technology, UC San Diego Supercomputer Center,
Terabit Capacitive Chip Interconnect, Asynchronous Supercomputer	2002	Ivan Sutherland, Sun
Technologies of Convergence Web Services	2002	eBay, Craig's List, Froogle, Linked-in,
Voice over IP: Free telephony, Location-free radio	2002	Skype Students: Estonia
Video over IP: Location-free television	2003	Sling
Open API for 10-centimeter mapping	2005	Google
Open cataloging Metadata and tagging	2005	del.ico.us flickr faces
Machine-aided pattern recognition Language translation Arabic OCR Music Image classification	2000-2006	world-wide research institutes


Richard Feynman	The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: Chap 2: Computing Machines of the Future: 1985 Nishina Memorial Lecture
J.C.R. Licklider	1960: Man-Machine Symbiosis
Douglas Englebart	1963: Augmenting Human Intelligence
Kevin Lynch	1960: The Image of the City
Stewart Brand	1980: How Buildings Learn
Larry Lessig	2002: The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
US National Academy of Science	2002: Embedded Everywhere 2002: Homeland Security
Markle Foundation	2002: Protecting Americas Freedom in the Information Age 2003: December: Creating a Trusted Network for Homeland Security

INNOVATIONS CREATING INTERNET and CONVERGENCE

Who Innovated?

Who Paid?

Fourier Analysis, Sampling Theory, FFT Wavelets

1642, 1970

Fourier, Nyquist Tukey,

Packet Protocol

1920 1962

Mumbai Dubba Wallah lunch delivery systems Paul Baran:

RAND

Air Forc

Memex;

Networks; Symbiotic systems

Augmenting Human Intelligence

1945

1960

1963

Vannevar Bush: MIT; [Pierre Otlet, 1933]

JCR Licklider: MIT; Man-Computer Symbiosis March 1960;

Douglas Engelbart: Stanford Research Institute

ARPA

Office of Naval Research

Army

Computer Aided Design: Bridges, Cars, Roads Printed Circuit Boards Chips Computer Graphics

1963

Student Ivan Sutherland, Ph.D Thesis: Sketchpad, MIT

Office of Naval Research

Trajectory of transistors

1965

Gordon Moore

Intel

Window User Interface, Mouse

1966

Douglas Englebart Stanford Research Institute

Internet Protocol

1968

Students Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker: [Stanford; UCLA]

Bob Kahn, MIT-BBN;

DARPA

Free Space Optical

1969

Bell Labs

Bell Labs

Distributed Systems

1969

Dave Farber, George Coulouris, Leslie Lamport, Butler Lampson

DARPA ONR Army Reseach

Relational Data Base

1969

IBM: Codd, Date Students, Professors: UC Berkeley: Ingres

Simulation of Integrated Circuits

1971

Students: SPICE: UC Berkeley Larry Nagel, Ron Rohrer

DARPA NSF

Open Source Implementation: TCP/IP Networking Protocol Berkeley Unix

1976

Student: Bill Joy, UCBerkeley

DARPA

Public Key Encryption

1976

Student [Whitfield Diffie, Marty Hellman: Stanford, Berkeley]

NSF

Open Source Software: 4.1. bsd [Berkeley Software Distribution] UNIX

1978

BellLabs -> Students Bill Joy, Sam Leffler, Ozip Babaoglu UCBerkeley

DARPA

Ethernet Protocol

1978

~Students David Boggs, Robert Metcalfe: Xerox Parc

NSF Xerox DEC Intel

RISC Microprocessors

1980

IBM: John Cocke Students, Professors UC Berkeley: David Ditzel, David Patterson; Stanford: John Hennessey

IBM NSF ARPA

Single Board Computer

1980

~Students Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs: Apple II

Pocket, Venture

Virtual Reality products for general public

1983

INNOVATIONS CREATING INTERNET
and
CONVERGENCE

Fourier Analysis,
Sampling Theory,
FFT
Wavelets

Fourier,
Nyquist
Tukey,

1920

1962

Mumbai Dubba Wallah lunch delivery systems

Paul Baran:

Vannevar Bush: MIT;
[Pierre Otlet, 1933]

JCR Licklider: MIT;
Man-Computer Symbiosis
March 1960;

Douglas Engelbart:
Stanford Research Institute

Computer Aided Design:
Bridges, Cars, Roads
Printed Circuit Boards
Chips
Computer Graphics

Student

Ivan Sutherland, Ph.D Thesis: Sketchpad, MIT

Window User Interface,
Mouse

Douglas Englebart

Stanford Research Institute

Students

Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker: [Stanford; UCLA]

Dave Farber,
George Coulouris,
Leslie Lamport,
Butler Lampson

DARPA
ONR
Army Reseach

IBM: Codd, Date
Students, Professors:
UC Berkeley: Ingres

Students:
SPICE: UC Berkeley
Larry Nagel, Ron Rohrer

DARPA
NSF

Open Source Implementation: TCP/IP Networking Protocol
Berkeley Unix

Student:
Bill Joy, UCBerkeley

Student
[Whitfield Diffie, Marty Hellman: Stanford, Berkeley]

Open Source Software:
4.1. bsd [Berkeley Software Distribution] UNIX

BellLabs ->
Students
Bill Joy, Sam Leffler,
Ozip Babaoglu
UCBerkeley

~Students
David Boggs, Robert Metcalfe: Xerox Parc

NSF
Xerox
DEC
Intel

IBM: John Cocke
Students,
Professors
UC Berkeley: David Ditzel, David Patterson;
Stanford: John Hennessey

IBM
NSF
ARPA

~Students
Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs: Apple II

Pocket,
Venture

~Students
Jaron Lanier : VPL II

Pocket,
Venture

Student:
Ph.D thesis

Tim Berners-Lee
CERN: Geneva

Open Source Software:
GNU/Linux

Students:
Richard Stallman, ~MIT
Andrew Tannenbaum, Netherlands
Linus Torvalds, Finland

Students
Marc Andreesen: U Illinois

Manchester
Bell Labs
Corning Labs

7 people [Bill Joy, James Gosling, Guy Steele, ]
Students:
ETH Zurich, Frieje Universitaat

Sun Labs

IBM Labs
HP Labs

Students
Jerry Yang: Stanford

Self
VC

Small group:
Apple, Sony

ARPA
NSF

XML:
Portable Data Description

6 people:
Jon Bozak: Sun,
Microsoft, Netscape, IBM..)

Sun
Microsoft
IBM

NetDay
100, 000 parents, 4,000 schools, one day

Biochips: DNA Array
Shotgun sequencing

Small group
Craig Venter

TRW
Perkin-Elmer

Google, others:
search, proximity algorithms,

pin-point advertising

Students:
Larry Page, Sergei Brin

Self
Andy Bechtolsheim

Keyhole:
dynamic interactive GIS and remote imagery

Peer-to-Peer Sharing:
Napster, Gnutella,
Music without borders

JXTA
device-to-device distributed computing