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At the end of the
nineteenth century, life expectancy in Russia was 32 years, compared to 47
years in France and the United States. By 1938 the gap had increased: life
expectancy was 43 years in Russia, while in France it had reached 59 years
and in the United States over 63 years. Shkolnikov, V., Mesle, F. and Vallin J. “Health crisis in Russia: Recent trends in life expectancy and causes of death from 1970 to 1993” (Parts I and II), Population: An English Selection, Vol. 8, 1996. |